What you will learn in Physical Chemistry Foundations

1. 1. Gas Laws

   Boyle's law (pressure/volume) and Charles's law (temperature/volume), each with one variable held fixed.

2. 2. Chemical Equilibrium

   Le Chatelier's principle: a system at equilibrium shifts to partially counteract an applied stress.

3. 3. Galvanic Cells

   Two half-cells' standard reduction potentials decide the cathode, the anode, and the cell's overall voltage.

4. 4. Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions

   Every reaction either releases energy to, or absorbs it from, its surroundings.

5. 5. Gibbs Free Energy & Spontaneity

   ΔG = ΔH − TΔS combines enthalpy, entropy, and temperature into a single spontaneity test.